The Important Project Management Fundamentals For The New Comers

First of all before the new comer enter into the project management fundamentals process,then the new comers should be well known about project management.So new comer know about what is project management?So lets discuss about it.Project management is the discipline of planning,organizing,securing and managing the resource ineffective way to bring the successful completion of specific project goals and objectives.In another words, project management is the application of the knowledge,skills,tools and techniques to meet the projects requirements of the projects activities.Project management is accomplished through various process such as initiation,planing,execution,controlling and closing.

Project Management Fundamentals:

The following discussion about the project management fundamentals is created by my own experienced and hope it is the best for all new comers who are keen about project management.

What is Project?

It is important to the new comer to know the project before start it.A project is the temporary endeavor,which is defined beginning and end, undertaken to meet the unique goals and objectives.It is totally different form the other task because that doesn't have the end date.Projects are run by different people and organizations.There are various constraints on the projects such as cost,budgets,schedule,resources etc.Generally the projects are divisible in to the stages and phases each with their own set of priorities and goals.

What is Project Management?

Project management is the discipline of planning,organizing,securing and managing resources to bring the successful completion of the specific project goals.Project management is a combination of techniques, procedures,people and systems focused on the successful completion of project goals.It also support the planning,implementation,control etc of the project.Project management is accomplished through the use of the various process such as initiation,planning,executive,controlling,closing etc.So the new comer should have proper knowledge about it.

What is Program management?

The another important project management fundamentals sector to the new comer is the knowledge about the program management.Program management is the process of managing different activities related to project, often with the intention of improving an organization's performance.It involves the centrally managing and controlling groups of related projects to gain the objectives of the program.In some cases, the project management is the subject of the program management.

Know About the Project Phases:

There are a lot of project phases which are the important project management fundamentals.They should be known well.They are Define the project,plan the project,implement the project plan,evaluate the project etc.The new comer should know about the different project phases.So it may be the important project management fundamentals to the new comer.

Understanding and Managing the Project Politics:

Projects also run under the politics.So The new comers have to understand each other feeling that they are jockeying to achieve the goals and this is the most important.Managing this politics is an essential task for the project manager and team member.The main task to manage the politics is the task of

keeping the people informed.The bigger the project the more time it takes to communicate the information.

Balance the Priorities:

The another important project management fundamentals to all the new comer is to balance the priorities.Because the project has the various priorities.Such priorities may be what should be achieved or what should be achieved if possible and what would follow from the previous choices etc.The new comers should keep in mind that the priorities of various stakeholders are different and they will vary over the time.So project manager should manage this job in effective manner.

Project Scope:This is very important aspects of project management fundamentals to the new comers.The objective of this step it to define the results that the customer expects.There are various ways or methods to understand what is really being asked for and that should be used in effective manner.To use this methods there are formal methods and documentations that help this process.This step is also the start of the recruitment process.

Project Risk:

Risk is very important factors in any project because there is saying no risk no gain.The main aim of this step is to identify and record the major issues that can affect the project.As the project progress the risk also progress, so the risk should be reviewed to ensure it remains comprehensive.In this process some item disappear while other will be added. There are uncertainties and difficulties in the projects.So this issues should be identified and solved very clearly to run the project properly.Therefore it becomes essential project management fundamentals to the new comer.

Project feasibility:

It is important to the new comer that project feasibility should be assessed before the projects starts.The new comer should consider weather the project is technically correct or not and new comer should also consider that it has organizational support and financial support or not.They should take the help of business case that is very useful with feasibility analysis and it includes the cost benefit analysis.

Project Deliverable:

The another important fundamentals stage of project management is the project deliverable.The New comer know that deliverable are tangible and measurable which the external shareholder will receive when the project is completed.They are equipments,completion of report,installation of raw materials etc.It is necessary to define the task of every project through various process such as work breakdown structure,product breakdown structure,organization breakdown structure,cost breakdown structure etc.Similarly good estimate are also necessary or the success of the project because they are useful for obtaining approval to start or continue a project and setting priorities.So it is important project management fundamentals.

Project Management Skills:

Project management skills is essential part of the project manager.Effective project management requires the following skills.

• Project management knowledge competency:This refers to what the project management team knows about project management.
• Project management performance competency:This refers to what the project management team is able to do or accomplish with the project management knowledge.
• Personal competency:This refers to how the project management team behaves when performing the project.

Interpersonal Management skills:

This skills includes the effective communication,influencing the organization,leadership,motivation,decisionmaking,team building,political and culture awareness etc.

The above mentioned ideas are very essential project management fundamentals to the new comers which is very important before the any kind of project starts.

The Most Important Natural Causes of Climate Change In The Universe

Climate Change is the long term change in the statistical distribution of the weather patterns over the period ranging from decades to millions of years.Climate Change may be the change in the average weather conditions or the distribution of events around that average.Climate Change may be limited in the specific region or may occur across the whole universe.We know that the univers's climate is the dynamic and keeps changing in a natural cycle.The Climate Change occurring today because of the human activities, really makes the world very worried.

Many scientists are studying about these climate change all over the world or universe and they are finding the evidence from the tree rings, pollen samples, ice cores and sea sediments.The natural variability and the climate functions of the climate system are the parts of the earth's history but there have been changes in the concentration of the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere growing at unprecedented rate. To understand the climate changes fully the ause of the climate change should be firstly identified. Here we can divide the causes of the climate change into two categorizes.They are natural causes an human cause.

Natural causes of Climate Changes

There are a lots of natural factors in the universe that causes the climate change in the world.Some of them are ocean currents, volcanoes,solar variations, earth's tilt etc. They are discussed bellow.

• Volcanoes:When the volcano erupts it throws large amount of the sulfur dioxide, water vapor, dusts and ashes in the atmosphere.We know the volcanic activities remains for only a short period but the large volumes of the gases and the ashes influence the climate patterns for years.Similarly the millions of tones of the sulfur dioxide may reach the upper level of atmosphere from the major eruption and that gases and dusts particles may block the incoming ray of the sun. Tiny particles produced by the volcano are called aerosols because they reflects the energy of the solar back in to the space and they have the cooling impact on the world.Similarly the sulfur dioxide combines the water to form tiny droplets of sulfuric acid which are so small that can stay for several year.They are efficient reflection of the sunlight and screen the ground from some of the energy that would receive from the sun.Therefore the volcanic activities causes the climate change in the universe.
• Ocean Current:The another natural factor that cause the climate change in the earth is ocean current because they are the major components of the climate system.We all know that they cover about 71% of the earth and absorb the about twice as much of the sun's radiation as the atmosphere or the land surface.Ocean current move vast amount of the heat across the planet and the same amount as the atmosphere does.Wind push horizontally against the sea surface and drive the ocean currents.The phenomena such as EI Nino produced by the interactions between the ocean and atmosphere, occur every 2 to 6 years. Similarly there are the deep ocean circulation of cold water form the pole towards the equator and the movement of the warm water towards the pole. This Process vital role to make the pole cold and the equator the warmer.The ocean can play an important role to determine the atmosphere of concentration of CO2.So change in the circulation of the ocean have great impacts on the climate change through the movement of the CO2 into or out of the atmosphere. Ocean current also change the direction or slow down.Much of the heat which escapes from the ocean is in the water vapour. the most abundant greenhouse gases.Water vapor also helps to create the clouds. Therefore the ocean current has the great effect on the climate change in the universe.
• Solar Variation:We know that sun is the great source of the energy for the earth's system.Although the sun's energy comes constantly everyday as per the point of view, but the small changes over an extended period of time may lead the changes in the climate.As the sun is the great or fundamental source of the energy for the earth that is instrumental in our climate system. So it is reasonable to assume that change in the sun's output may cause the climate change.According to the scientific studies the solar variation had the great effect in the climate change in the past.Current global warming is incomplete without the solar variation.Because since 1750 the amount of the energy coming from the sun either remained constant or increased.The scientists have also observed that a cooling in the upper atmosphere and warmer in the surface and lower parts of the atmosphere.Because this is due to greenhouse gases.So we can say the solar variation can change the climate in various ways in the universe.
  
• Continental Drift: According to the scientists South America and Africa were joined together many years ago, and all continents were all parts of the one large landmass.There are a lot of proof about it such as similarity between the plants and animal fossils and broad belts of rocks found in the eastern side of South America.The discovery of the fossils of the tropical plant in the Antarctica has made the conclusion that, this frozen land in the past must have been the closer to the equator, where the climate was the tropical.The continents which we know well or we are living today, were formed where the landmass began gradually drifting apart, millions of years back.This drift had also great effect on the climate change because it changed the physical parts of the landmass and the position of the water bodies.The separation of the landmass change the flow of the ocean current and winds the affects the climate system. Therefore the continentals drift has the great impact on the climate change.So it is an important natural causes that affects the whole universal climate.
  
• Earth Orbital Change:The another natural factor in the universe that affects the climate change is the earth's tilt.We all know that the earth makes a full orbit around sun each year.It is titled at the angel of 23.5 degree to the perpendicular plane of its orbit path.So changes in the tilt of the earth may lead to the small but climatically important change in the position of the seasons. More tilt means warmer summer and colder winter and less tilt means colder summer and milder winter.Similarly sloe change in the earth tilt can lead to the small but climatically important change in the strength of the seasons. So it has great effect on the climate change.
  

Possible Solutions To Global Warming

Global warming is, generally, the rise in the average temperature of our planet earth's surface air and oceans. On the base of 2007 Fourth assessment report by Intergovernmental Panel on climate Change, global surface temperature raised by 0.74+o.18 degree (1.33 ± 0.32 °f) during the 20th century.The enormity of global warming can be daunting and dispiriting. What can one person or even one nation, do on their own to solve the climate change.But here are the some of the possible solutions for the global warming. They are as follows.

There are a lot reasons that cause the most of the observed temperature increase since the middle of 20th century, are the increase in the greenhouse gases, that result from human activities such as burning of fossils fuel and deforestation.A reduction of sunlight reaching the surface as a result of increasing atmospheric concentration of human made particulates is called Global Dimming that has partially countered the effect of warming induced by the greenhouse gases.This can be the possible solution to the global warming.

Individual choices may have the impact on the global warming.We all know that the humans are causing the global warming, that evidence is strong, but questions of what to do about it remain unclear.Economics,sociology and politics are all the important factors in planning to the global warming for the future.The earth would still warm bu the another degree of Fahrenheit, even if we stopped emitting the greenhouse gases today.But what we do today makes a big difference forward.So the scientists, depending our choices, have predicted that the Earth could eventually warm by as little as 2,5 degree or as much as 10 degree Fahrenheit in the future.

A commonly made goal is to stabilize the greenhouse gases concentrations around 450-550 parts per million or about twice pre-industrial levels.This is the point at which many people believe that the most damaging effects of the global warming or climate change can be avoided.In the present there is about 380 ppm concentration that means there aren't enough time to lose.According to the IPPCC, to reach this level, we should reduce greenhouse gases emissions by 50 percent to 80 percent of what they are on track to be in the next century.

We know that many people and government have already worked hard for the global warming and to cut the greenhouse gases effect and each and everyone can help for the global warming in this 21century.According to the researchers Stephen and Robert, they suggest that one approach that ''stabilization wedges'' and this means reducing the greenhouse gases emission from the variety of sources with technological available in the next few decades. rather than depending on the economics changes in a single state.This approach also suggested

7 wedges that could reduce the greenhouse gases emission and all of them together could control the emission at the approximately current level for the next half century, putting us on a potential path to stabilize around 500ppm.

There are so many possible wedges such as improvement to energy efficiency and vehicle fuel economy and increase in wind & solar power, hydrogen produced from renewable sources, natural gases and nuclear power.A process called carbon sequestration that is underground by fossils fuels and store form which there is possible to capture the Carbine dioxide emitted.

The another possible way to the global warming is that, reducing the gases that we emit the atmosphere, we can use the increase amount of the gases we take out of the atmosphere.Similarly we plant the various plant and trees.As they grow they absorb Co2.Increasing the forestland and making the change to the way we farm could increase the amount of carbon we are storing.

The another simple and easy possible solution to the global warming is to plant trees.first of all we should make the group in our neighbor then all together start campaign about the plant tree.we can plant different trees bared land and even in the private land.Trees planted in and around areas the storing carbon may provide much needed shade in the summer and reducing energy bills and fossils fuel use.

These are the most useful possible solutions to the global warming.We should be aware about the global warming from our place.Otherwise it will not only harm to the particular place but it may also destroy our beautiful world.

Causes of Inflation That The Whole world Is facing

In simple words inflation means the rise in the general price level of goods and services in the economy over a period of time.It means when the general price level rises the power of the money buys fewer good and services.Inflation also reflects the erosion in the purchasing power of money. There are chief measure like, the inflation rate, the annualized percentage change in general price index over the time to measure the price inflation.Inflation affects the economy positively and negatively in the world.The negative effects of inflation are the decrease in the real value of money ant other monetary items over the time, uncertainty over the future inflation may discourage investment and saving & high inflation may lead to shortage of goods.Similarly, the positive effects of the inflation are central bank can adjust nominal interest rates and encourage investment in non-monetary capital projects.

In general, there are two basic causes of inflation the the whole world is facing, they are as follows.

Cost Push Inflation

Cost push inflation occurs when the business respond to the rise in the production cost,but raising prices in order to maintain their profit margins. There are so many ways under it, they are discussed bellow.

• Rising the imported raw materials costs caused bu inflation in the country as well as in the whole world which are heavily dependable on export of these goods or alternatively by fall in the value of the dollar in the foreign exchange markets.
• Rising the labour costs caused by the wage increases which exceed any improvement in the productivity.This cause is very important in causing inflation in the world.This is important in those industries that are labour intensive.The firm that decide not to pass the higher costs onto their customer but in the long run, wage inflation tends to move closely with price inflation because there are limits to extent to which any business can absorb higher wage expenses.
• Higher indirect taxes imposed by the government- This is also an important cause to the inflation in the world.For example a rise in the rate of taxes in the alcohol and cigarette, a rise in the standard rate of value added tax, an increase in the fuel duties and an extension to the range of the product to which VAT is applied.These taxes are levied those producers who depending on the price elasticity of demand and supply for the product, can opt to pass on the burden of the tax onto customers.If the government want to levy a new tax on aviation fuel, then this would contribute to a rise in cost push inflation.

These are the cost push inflation causes the whole world is facing in the present condition.

Demand Pull Inflation

The another cause of inflation the the whole world is facing, is demand pull inflation.It is possible when there is full employment of resources and when SRAS is inelastic.In these case an increase in the Ad may lead to increase in the prices.Under this demand pull inflation there are some points that cause the inflation, they are as follows.

• A depreciation of the exchange rate- It has the effect in the rise of the price of imports and it also reduces the foreign price of UK exports especially.If the customers by the less imports while the foreigners buy more exports then AD will increase.Similarly if the economy of the country is at the full of the employment then prices are pulled upwards.
• A reduction in the direct or indirect taxation-Consumer have more disposal income causing demand to rise, if the direct taxes are reduced.A reduction in the direct means that the volume of the income will increase or consumers can buy more volume of goods and services.So the both factors can take aggregate demand and real GDP higher .So it may causes the inflation in the whole world.
• The rapid growth of the money supply- The another cause of the inflation is the rapidly growth in the supply of money.If the interest rate is low then the people may borrow the more money from the banking and financial institutions.Then consumer have more monetary power.Monetarists economists believe that the root causes of the inflation are monetary in particular when the monetary authorities permit an excessive growth of the supply of money in circulation beyond that needed to finance the volume of transaction produced in the economy.Thus inflation causes.
• The another reason of the inflation in the world is the rising consumer confidence and increase in the rate of growth of houses prices. Because The both lead to an increase in the total household demand for goods and services. As a result inflation appears in the markets and gradually in the whole world.
  

These are the main causes of the inflation that cause the inflation not only in the particular country but also in the whole world.

The Latest Technology Inventions

Technology is the process of making, usage & knowledge of tools. system or methods of organizing to sole the problems.Technology greatly affects human and other animal ability to adapt to their natural environment.The use of technology has been significantly changing day by day in this modern age.So now-days latest technology has been taking place in this age.Among them there are the latest model of technology inventions presented the following.

Samsung S8500

Samsung S8500 wave is the latest touch screen

mobile from the house Samsung.This latest handset invention is the essential device to all the new born technology features and it becomes one of the best selling mobile phones around the world.This includes following features.

• Samsung S8500 has both 2g & 3G networks.
• This latest gadgets is packed with the smart dimensions of 56 x 188 x10,9 mm & easily portable with just about 118 gm in weight.
• It also has the great 3.3 inches AMOLED touch screen which depicts the resolution of 480 x 800 pixel with 16 million colors.
• It has another important features that is the camera with grand 5 mega pixel with Geo tagging, touch focus, image stabilizing, blink and face detection that allows us to captures our all unforgettable moments in to it with 2592 x 1944 pixel.
• This technology also has video formats with MP4.H263,Xvid that allows us to easily enjoy our all favorite movies.
• Furthermore, this latest technology is fitted with great Li-Ion 1500MAH battery up to 600 hours in standby mode and up to of 15 hours talk time on 2G and up to 7 hours talk time up to 550 hours on 3g in stand mode.
• This latest gadgets also offers great squad band GSM 850,900,1800,1900 and HSDPA 900,2100, GPs navigation, 3G,EDGE, GPRS and wireless Bluetooth technology that allows the users to connect with other devices.

SONYPS3

Sony PS3 is the latest edition or the invention of the technology from the stable of Sony Ericsson.This technology has come in a trendy and compact design which attracts its users from its look. There are some features.

• Sony PS3 has a slim and trim body looks with innovative features.
• This technology invention has ATA 250 Gb in built hard drive that offers us a larger space to store our favorite things.
  
• Another enticing feature of this latest technology invention is that it has high definition picture with 1080p resolution and theater like audio quality that is up to &,1 channels of surround sound.
• Further more with the help of Digital Living Network Alliance, the users can access the data stored in computer from PS3 system.

TOM TOM XL340

Tom Tom XL340 is the new & latest model or invention of the technology with slim , flat-folding and it also has easy port

GPS line.Some of the important features of this are as follows.

• It has 4.3 inch screen WQVGA touch resistive display which dominates the front panel and offers the resolution of 480x272.
• Similarly this latest technology has power button that is use to switch on and off on the top and at the bottom it includes mini-USB port.
• This latest technology gadgets is fitted with the smart measurement of 4.7 x 0.9 x 3,2 in & a very light in wights with 7 oz.
  
• This technology invention also includes lug 7 go, emergency help.automatic routing. downloadable POIs,Tom Tom quick GPSfix, speed limit warning,Iq routes technology, text to speech, advance lane guidance,2D/3D map perspective and many more.
• It is interesting that this latest technology invention includes IQ routes that uses to collect the previous data so as to calculated the fastest route.

Predicament of a Hindu Secularist

Although a mildly religious Hindu, i wasn't completely taken aback our nation jettisoned Hinduism as a state religion and frenetically decided to accept constitutional secularism as the way for a pluralistic and multi-religious Nepal.This sudden and colossal change in Majority Hindu country, however consternating us, and left us with lingering doubts over the success of this metamorphosis.Two instances, since the secularization of Nepal by the interim constitution, have already fortified our doubts.first is the Prachanda led government's unsuccessful attempt at meddling with the appointment of Mul batta of the Lord Pashupatinath temple. Second the recent and the poignantly sensitive issue of altercation between Pashupati Area Development Trust(PADT) and Nepalese Christian community over the burial at the Sleshmantak forest in the Pashupatinath area. Noticeably so , both these disputes relate to Lord Pashupatinath, the most revered God of the Hindus.
Definition of secularism is highly contested. While a western and restrained notion of secularism means an erection of well of separation between religion and state, in its expansive practice, especially as it has in India, it also refers to absence of state religious institutions and doctrines and equal indulgence of all religions.Are these notion of secularism fittingly adopted in Nepal? A cursory examination of the act establishing the PADT will provide us with a negative answer.PADT is a statutory body created bu Pashupati Area Development Trust act of 1987 with an object to maintain, preserve and develop the Pashupatinath area because of the significance of lord Pashupatinath temple as a center of reverence of Hindu solely.Under the act the prime minister of the country is the patron of the trust,minister of culture is the chairperson of the governing council of the PADT, and other government bureaucrats and certain members of legislature- parliament are ipso facto members of it. It is apparent that the Act blatantly rejects every notion of secularism: there is a direct government control over Lord Pashupatinath and akin to this a Muslim mosque, a Christian church or a Buddhist stupa is not patronized by the government which is discriminatory.
A predicament surface now whether in line with imported notion of secularism, the Lord Pashupatinath temple should be severed from government instruction?Should Pashupatinath temple be transformed inti private Hindu religious endowment?There are certain merits in arguing for separation of Lord Pashupatinath temple from the state. First this will evince that the country is avowedly secular and not only on paper.Second, a separation will ensue the Lord Pashhupatinath temple will no longer be a state institution, but private Hindu religious institution. A striking advantage will be garnered out of this.Non- Hindu will be precluded from asserting their fundamental right, particularly their freedom of religion of practicing their beliefs and rituals within he defined area of the Pasupatinath temple which could possibly include the Sleshmantakforest. Third it will also to a certain extent, incapacitate the government from interfering with the appointment of priest and Mul Batta of the Pashupatinath temple. Fourth the wealth of the Pashupatinath temple will not be embezzled by the government and will not be used to fund non Hindu purpose.
It is unimaginable that a bigoted state like Nepal will disconnect itself from the management and adminitration of Pashupatinath temple area.The reasons are tremendous for not to do so.Nepal has been a Hindu state for time immemorial and this connection between state and lord Pashupatinath has been one of the vestiges of Nepalese Hindu monarchical tradition.Although monarchy has been abolished, it will be destructively challenging for Nepal to completely adhere to all imported notions of secularism and introduce severance of state and Lord Pashupatinath temple.Arguably the mandate of Janadolan ii was also not secularism. further disassociation of Lord Pashupatinath temple with the state will raise a tricky question as to which group of Hindu people should be allowed to administer the temple.It is possible temple funds will be siphoned off for private gains and mismanagement exist.

Glowing face of Motherhood

Mother are not rare to find. It is pertinent question whose answer can't be contained within a few words.Mother comprise of a bundle of emotions that sometimes defy reasons.So this goes out to all the mothers who have kept awake all night with that sick toddlers in their arms, constantly uttering those compassionate words.A mother is the sent from above, another face of love and affection and someone to always count on. She is the one who held us in her arms, cradled us to sleep and sat late to see us study. No matter what path we work on, our mom walks along. For everything she has done and for everything she does unconditionally, here is a chance to show our love and gratitude to this magnificent lady on this day.

Every year we go to great lengths to celebrate motherhood. But what happens all through the year is pretty much what has transpired down the ages, with a few modifications necessitated by the changing face of motherhood. Even today mothers are either deified or devalued or subjected to contemptuous indifference.However though traces of the stereotype remain, it must be admitted that motherhood has today evolved to encompass much more than a domestic orbit.In its more dynamic avatar, urban motherhood, has, to a noticeable extent, effected the demise of the self-effacing and self-flagellating creature of the kitchen and the nursery, and the birth of a confident entity capable of meeting every challenge the larger arena throws up. Their outreach sm mother is far greater. They are guides,teacher, caretakers, breadwinners, a rue friends in need and what not.

But despite the enormous payoff, there is no mistaking that the grading drudgery still exists, and also the disillusionment when confronted with the brute realities of child rearing and the price we pay to stay moored.They still have to contend with internal contradictions between the ideas and the realistic. The past and present.What's more they insist on biting off more than they can chew, aspire to superwoman status, are reluctant to delegate, obsessed with perfection, and unable to ease the burden of expectations. This is inimical to our interests and they return to the point from where they ventured to empower themselves.

By echoing others thoughts and speaking in a voice not their one, they allow themselves to go to seed, looking for gratification and appreciation in the fact that they are taken for granted.Inn this they run the risk being marginalized later in life and ending up disappointed and decrepit empty Nester with no individuality. They must guard against this at all costs, because if they obliterate themselves for the sake of their children, they can never give them the sense of identity they need or be exemplary role models. There is no martyrdom or merit in uncalled for self-sacrifice.